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I would say that some of the most common polysaccharides in the context human physiology that you should be aware of are glycogen, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins.
Glycogen is a series of glucose monosaccharides in a chain with alpha C1-C4 links and branches with alpha C1-C6 links. This molecule is highly branched, which allows it to serve as a very dense source of energy storage in the human liver.
Glycosaminoglycans are linear repeating disacchirdes(ABABABA....), of which there are many examples. They are frequently negatively charged at pH 7 and can play a variety of roles in many parts of the body: hyaluronic acid is a joint lubricant, chondroitin sulfate is a component of cartilage, and dermatan sulfate is found in the skin.
Last glycoproteins are proteins that have a oligosaccharide component. The "post-translational modifications" to proteins are extremely common throughout biochemistry, so it is important to be aware of. These oligosaccharides may serve as a marker for cell recognition (as with bloodtypes!), ensuring correct protein localization, or to alter/ aid in protein folding during synthesis.
(if you are interested in plant physiology consider also cellulose and amylose/ amylopectin since these are for involved in plants' structure and energy storage, respectively)
Moving forward in physiology, you will likely not need to know the structures of specific oligosaccharides, but you will benefit from recognizing when a polysaccharide is responsible for a physiological event- such as glucose storage with glycogen, lubrication with hyaluronic acid, or cell recognition and oligoproteins.
Hope this help!
Read LessThere are four main types of chemical bonds:
1) Ionic bonds: two charged particles- ions- bind to each other due to the attractive forces between positive and negative charges. This is generally a fairly strong bond that allows for the formation of lattices (like a checkerboard), but substances with these bonds are soluable in water. (Ex.: NaCl)
2) Covalent bonds: two (non-metal) atoms share electrons. This sharing is not equal, so one part of the resulting molecule will be relatively negative and another part with be relatively positive. (Ex: H2O)
3) Hydrogen bond: in molecules in which hydrogen is covalently bonded to oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine, there is an unequal sharing of electrons within the molecule which makes the hydrogen partially positive and the oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine partially negative. As a result the partial positive of the hydrogen is attracted to the partial negative of the other atom (similarly to ionic bonding), and a (weak) bond is formed between neighboring molecules. (Ex. H2O)
4) Metallic bonds: when grouped together metal atoms are able to lose an electron. When each atom does this, this results in a sea of freely flowing electrons and a collection of metal + ions. Because positive and negative charges attract, the metal ions are drawn to the sea of electrons. As a result of this type of bond, two key properties for metals are that they are malleble and conduct electrons (Ex. Fe)
Read Lesscreate a method with a signature of array pointer of type int and three more parameters of type int. Call the method with the int main() method passing in a number of int values as the array from standard input or statically defined. Collect three more int values as starting and ending index into the array.
Within the new function ensure that both the beginning and ending index are within the bounds of the size of the passed array.
Within the function define a for or while loop that starts and ends at the specificed beginning and ending index. Iterate the start index variable with a post process ++ operator within the for or while loop for each iteration after comparing the array value at that index to the target value.
If at any time during the comparison if the array value at index x is equal to the target value then assign the array value at that index to 1000 with an equal statement and then break the loop if we are just looking for the first instance. With small arrays this is the approach that works the fastest as a linear search. For larger arrays a DIVIDE & CONQUER algorithm is the better approach by using multiple arrays to do parallel searching within the bounds of the start and end index. Therefore your loop would change to start index of 0 and an end index of the length of the multiple sub arrays and global index location being a simple math addition given the location within the specific sub array.
Read Less1, The same person opens incoming mail and posts the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger.
Ans.Segregation of Duties
2. Three people handle cash sales from the same cash register drawer.
Ans. Establishment of Responsibility
3. A clothing store is experiencing a high level of inventory shortages because people try on clothing and walk out of the store without paying for the merchandise.
Ans.Physical Controls Devices
4. The person who is authorized to sign checks approves purchase orders for payment.
Ans.Segregation of Duties
5. Some cash payments are not recorded because checks are not prenumbered.
Ans.Documentation Procedures
6. Cash shortages are not discovered because there are no daily cash counts by supervisors.
Ans. Independent Internal Verification
7. The treasurer of the company has not taken a vacation for over 20 years.
Ans.Human Resource Controls
Read LessThe “regular” normal distribution has one random variable; A bivariate normal distribution is made up of two random variables with a given correlation. The two variables in a bivariate normal are both are normally distributed, and they have a normal distribution when both are added together.
Standard statistical packages (Python, R, MATLAB, Stata, E-views) will let you input the numbers and get the probabilities.
If you are using Excel, there are free add-ins available on the internet (https://www.real-statistics.com/free-download/real-statistics-resource-pack/)
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